Description of a human subject Comment about the sample. Identifiers and labels for the sample. Internal identifier. External identifiers given by the supplier of the sample. The ordinal number of the sample reflecting the order in which it has been or will be processed. Internal bar ocde. General information about the person from which the sample originates. The gender of the human source. The ethnic origin of the human source. Carstairs index of deprivation based on unemployment, overcrowding, non car ownership and social class. The higher the number the more deprived an area is. Quantitative description of the phenotypic characteristics. Waist circumference. Body mass index. Blood test results. Smoking and drinking. units per week Drugs and doses currently under prescription. Mutations. SNPs can be expressed one of two ways on each of two chromosomes (1 and 2 being the common and rare alleles on the SNPs, respectively) and there are two SNPs, giving rise to four values in two pairs, one for each chromosome having a value of either 11, 12, 21 or 22. If both SNPs (A643G and A4403F) express their rare alleles on a given chromosome, the haplotype is 22, which is significantly protective against nephropathy with respect to 11, and initial analysis shows that it occurs significantly more often in the group with no nephropathy. Haplotypes 11 and 22 make up more than 95% of all haplotypes. The haplotypes are shown as chromosome 1 haplotypes and then chromosome 2 haplotypes. If the chromosome 1 and chromosome 2 haplotypes are both 11, this means that both SNPs were expressed as their common allele on both chromosomes, while 11 22 means that they were both heterozygotes and 22 22 means that they both expressed their minor alleles on both chromosomes. A scoring system is used to give the degree of haplotype effect (which is additive) by adding up the genotype values for the two SNPs at the two locations, ie if both locations have haplotype 11 (all major allele, therefore maximally non-protective) then the score = 4, whereas if both chromosomes are 22, then the score is 8, maximally protective. There is a sliding scale from 4 to 8 to describe different combinations of haplotype, but most are either 11 or 12, so most scores are even numbers 4, 6 or 8. Gender: male (M) or female (F). The HbA1c test (hemoglobin A1c test, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c test, glycohemoglobin A1c test, or A1c test) is a lab test which reveals average blood glucose over a period of two to three months. Specifically, it measures the number of glucose molecules attached to hemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells. HbA1c test results are expressed as a percentage, with 4 to 6 % considered normal. The HbA1c "big picture" complements the day to day "snapshots" obtained from the self-monitoring of blood glucose (mg/dl), and the two tests can be equated as in the printable diabetes chart. Cholesterol is different from most tests in that it is not used to diagnose or monitor a disease but is used to estimate risk of developing a disease - specifically heart disease. Because high blood cholesterol has been associated with hardening of the arteries, heart disease and a raised risk of death from heart attacks, cholesterol testing is considered a routine part of preventive health care. In a routine setting where testing is done to screen for risk, the test results are grouped in three categories of risk: Desirable: below 200 mg/dL (5.18 mmol/L) Borderline high: 200 to 240 mg/dL (5.18 to 6.22 mmol/L) High Risk: above 240 mg/dL (6.22 mmol/L) The test for LDL is used to predict your risk of developing heart disease. Of all the forms of cholesterol in the blood, the LDL cholesterol is considered the most important form in determining risk of heart disease. Treatment decisions are based on LDL values. Elevated levels of LDL indicate risk for heart disease. Treatment (with diet or drugs) for high LDL aims to lower LDL to a target value based on your overall risk of heart disease. Your target value is: less than 100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) if you have heart disease or diabetes, less than 130 mg/dL (3.37 mmol/L) if you have 2 or more risk factors, less than 160 mg/dL (4.14 mmol/L) if you have 0 or 1 risk factor. Risk factors include: smoking, age (you are a male 45 years or older or a female 55 years or older), low HDL (less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L)), hypertension (blood pressure of 140/90 or higher or taking high blood pressure medications), family history of premature heart disease (heart disease in a first degree male relative under age 55 or a first degree female relative under age 65). The test for HDL cholesterol is used along with other lipid tests to determine your risk of heart disease. High HDL is better than low HDL. It is usually reported as a measured value. If HDL is less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L), there is an increased risk of heart disease. A desirable level of HDL is greater than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) and is associated with average risk of heart disease. A good level of HDL is 60 mg/dL (1.55 mmol/L) or more and is associated with a less than average risk of heart disease. The glucose test is a snapshot, a still photograph of a moving picture. It tells what the blood glucose level was at the moment it was collected. The fasting blood glucose level (collected after an 8 to 10 hr fast) is used to screen for and diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes. Fasting blood glucose: normal glucose tolerance: 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.4 mmol/L) impaired fasting glucose (pre-diabetes): 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.5 to 6.9 mmol/L) probable diabetes: 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above Blood tests for triglycerides are usually part of a lipid profile used to identify the risk of developing heart disease. A normal level for fasting triglycerides is less than 150 mg/dL (1.70 mmol/L). It is unusual to have high triglycerides without also having high cholesterol. Most treatments for heart disease risk will be aimed at lowering LDL cholesterol. However, the type of treatment used to lower LDL cholesterol may differ depending on whether triglycerides are high or normal. When triglycerides are very high (greater than 1000 mg/dL (11.30 mmol/L)), there is a risk of developing pancreatitis. Treatment to lower triglycerides should be started as soon as possible. It is used to determine whether your kidneys are functioning normally (in this case the amount of creatinine in your blood will be very low). A combination of blood and urine creatinine levels may be used to calculate a "creatinine clearance." This measures how effectively your kidneys are filtering small molecules like creatinine out of your blood. Albumin:creatinine ratio is a measure of the progressive decline in renal barrier function in nephropathy, and is an adjunct to glomerular filtration rate. The early diabetic nephropathy marker called microalbuminuria is indicated where there is an albumin:creatinine ratio greather than 2.5 mg/mmol (men) or 3.5 mg/mmol (women). Full blown proteinuria is indicated by a ratio of greater than 30 mg/mmol in either sex. There should not be very much detectable protein in the urine at all if your kidneys are OK. Diastolic Blood Pressure: the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest. Systolic Blood Pressure: the maximum pressure exerted when the heart contracts. Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor. ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (i.e., Enalapril, Captropril) reduce peripheral vascular resistance via blockage of the angiotensin converting enzyme. This action reduces the myocardial oxygen consumption, thereby improving cardiac output and moderating left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy. In pharmacology, the fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids. They are used for a range of metabolic disorders, mainly hypercholesterolemia and are therefore hypolipidemic agents. Statins are a class of drugs used to lower blood cholesterol. They work in your liver to block a substance needed to make cholesterol. They may also help your body reabsorb cholesterol that has accumulated in plaques on your artery walls. This helps prevent further blockage in your blood vessels. Long-term use of statins may even reduce existing blockage in narrowed blood vessels. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Myocardial Infarction Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Peripheral Vascular Disease Cardio-Vascular Disease